However, no study has so far assessed rhizobial biodiversity and/or nodule functioning in relation to … 1982). Cowpea are major sources of protein in developing countries where consumption of certain animal foods is taboo because of religious or customary beliefs. The whole plant is used as forage for animals, with its use as cattle feed likely responsible for its name. [53] Drought lowers the growth rate and development, ultimately reducing yield, although cowpea is considered more drought tolerant than most other crops. 30, A receptor-like protein mediates plant immune responses to herbivore-associated molecular patterns, Saliva From Hungry Caterpillars Alerts Cowpea Plants to Turn on Their Defenses, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cowpea&oldid=1001180911, Taxonbars with automatically added basionyms, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, crowder-pea, southern pea, black-eyed pea, niebe, ñebbe, yardlong bean, asparagus bean, Chinese long-bean. A review of the genetics, genomics and breeding of cowpea … [16] Black-eyed pea, a common name used for the unguiculata cultivar group, describes the presence of a distinctive black spot at the hilum of the seed. Increase in vegetable protein, vitamin and soluble carbohydrates supply from cowpea in malnourished areas presents a less difficult, less expensive and more energy efficient solution. The crop is mainly grown for its seeds, which are high in protein, although the leaves and immature seed pods can also be consumed. [56] International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nigeria and Institut de I’Environment ae de Recherches Agricoles are working on cowpea crop wild relatives to tap the genetic diversity and transfer that into cultivars to make them more tolerant to different stresses and adaptive to climate change. [12][15], The first written reference of the word 'cowpea' appeared in 1798 in the United States. [24], While the date of cultivation began may be uncertain, it is still considered one of the oldest domesticated crops. Cowpea is economically useful as vegetable (leaves), a protein source (seeds and young pods), fodder and pulse crop. [6] Sesquipedalis in Latin means "foot and a half long", and this subspecies which arrived in the United States via Asia is characterised by unusually long pods, leading to the common names of yardlong bean, asparagus bean, and Chinese long-bean. As well as an important source of food for humans in poor, arid regions, the crop can also be used as feed for livestock. Review of Politics and Public Policy in Emerging Economies Vol. [62] Although little research has been conducted on the nutritional value of the leaves and immature pods, what is available suggests that the leaves have a similar nutritional value to black nightshade and sweet potato leaves, while the green pods have less antinutritional factors than the dried seeds. Background 5 2.1.4. Using an adapted cowpea variety that is more compatible with warm season grasses may help to overcome this issue. [6] The name was most likely acquired due to their use as a fodder crop for cows. Rar. [4] While they play a key role in subsistence farming and livestock fodder, the cowpea is also seen as a major cash crop by Central and West African farmers, with an estimated 200 million people consuming cowpea on a daily basis. Jav. (IPM CRSP, 2000). 2012-01-01. BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION OF THE STUDY Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata(L.) Walp) is an indigenous African legume crop that is widely cultivated in the semi-arid tropical regions of Asia, Oceania, Africa, the Middle East, southern United States of America and Central and South America (Singh et al.2002). [21], The size and shape of the leaves vary greatly, making this an important feature for classifying and distinguishing cowpea varieties. They are grown mainly for their edible beans. [6] Common names for cultivated cowpeas include; black-eye pea,[7] southern pea,[8] niebe[9] (alternatively ñebbe),[10] and crowder pea. against this background that a study as this has been undertaken to evaluate eight varieties of cowpea in altisol (Asaba agro-ecological environment with a view to selecting the variety (ies) that will best adapt to the conditions in the Southern part of Nigeria using Asaba agro-ecological environment as case study. Background Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is the most important grain legume and fodder crop in the dry savannas of tropical Africa. Generally, 133,000 seeds are planted per hectare (54,000/acre) for the erect varieties and 60,000 per hectare (24,000/acre) for the climbing and trailing varieties. Cowpea proteins provide the three esential amino acids lysine threonine and methionine, (Dhankher et al 1990. Cowpea is most widely consumed legume in Nigeria as it represents a cheap source of dietary protein. [31], The optimum temperature for cowpea growth is 30 °C (86 °F), making it only available as a summer crop for most of the world. The pulse is indigenous to Africa (Okigbo, 1986), though it is now grown in other continents, such as Central America (Bressani et al. Cowpeas are a major source of thiamin and niacin and also contain reasonable amount of other water- soluble vitamins, riboflavin, pyridoxine and folacin. [52], Besides biotic stresses, cowpea also faces various challenges in different parts of the world such as drought, heat, and cold. The whole plant is used as … Sosulski, 1987; Fashakin, 1986; Philips, 1987; Saeed, 1977; El Hardallou, 1980). Background Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) is an important grain and forage legume grown throughout sub-Saharan Africa primarily by subsistence farmers on poor, drought prone soils. The objectives of the study were to [37] One of the more recent developments is the use a cheap, reusable double-bagging system (called PICs) that asphyxiates the cowpea weevils. [18] Cowpeas can either be short and bushy (as short as 20 cm or 8 in) or act like a vine by climbing supports or trailing along the ground (to a height of 2 m or 6 ft 7 in). [60][61] They can also be processed into a paste or flour. This study examined outcrossing rates and genetic structures in 35 wild cowpea (Vigna unguiculata ssp. In addition to their use as a protein-rich food crop, cowpeas are extensively grown [42][43] The weevil generally enters the cowpea pod through holes before harvest and lays eggs on the dry seed. Background:Nutritional anemia is a public health problem among Ghanaian schoolchildren. is one of the most important legumes in tropical and semi-arid regions.However, there is relatively little genomic information available for genetic research on and breeding of cowpea. Chloe Bustillo. Adam D. Steinbrenner, Maria Muñoz-Amatriaín, Antonio F. Chaparro, Jessica Montserrat Aguilar-Venegas, Sassoum Lo, Satohiro Okuda, Gaetan Glauser, Julien Dongiovanni, Da Shi, Marlo Hall, Daniel Crubaugh, Nicholas Holton, Cyril Zipfel, Ruben Abagyan, Ted C. J. Turlings, Timothy J. [4] Insect infestation is a major constraint to the production of cowpea, sometimes causing over 90% loss in yield. The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is an annual herbaceous legume from the genus Vigna. It is against this background that the study intends to analyzed the level of the effects of insurgency on cowpea farmers in the study area. "Bionomics, host plant resistance, and management of the legume pod borer, "Genetic Differentiation among Maruca vitrata F. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Populations on Cultivated Cowpea and Wild Host Plants: Implications for Insect Resistance Management and Biological Control Strategies", "Pest management practices in cowpea: a review", "Effects of Transgenic Cry1Ac + CpTI Cotton on Non-Target Mealybug Pest, "Screening for Drought Tolerance in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) at Seedling Stage under Screen House Condition", "Diversity of Drought Tolerance in the Genus Vigna", "Africa Imports - African Recipes - Red-Red Stew", "The Long and the Short of Yard-Long Beans", Cowpea research at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Network for Genetic Improvement of Cowpea for All (NGICA), Consensus Document on Compositional Considerations for New Varieties of COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata): Key Food and Feed Nutrients, Anti-nutrients and Other Constituents, OECD Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds No. PubMed Central. [64] They also use the cowpea paste as a supplement in infant formula when weaning babies off milk. RESULTS Use of ex vitro composite plants to study the interaction of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) with the root parasitic angiosperm Striga gesnerioides Karolina E Mellor, Ava M Hoffman and Michael P Timko* Abstract Background: Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) is an … [69] Cowpea starch is digested more slowly than the starch from cereals, which is more beneficial to human health. (Hasskarl)", "Southern Peas - Gardening Solutions - University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences", "Niebe: A Food of Choice to Combat Hunger", "Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Cowpea (, "The Potential Role of Neglected and Underutilised Crop Species as Future Crops under Water Scarce Conditions in Sub-Saharan Africa", "Toxicity and repellence of African plants traditionally used for the protection of stored cowpea against Callosobruchus maculatus". It is a high protein food and forms a … [51] CpTI is the only gene obtained outside of B. thuringiensis that has been inserted into a commercially available genetically modified crop. Background to the Study Cowpeas ( Vigna unguiculata and Vigna Senensis ) are important grain legumes in East and West Africa as well other developing countries (Dovlo et al . Productivity of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] in sub-Sahara Africa is curtailed by a lack of farmer-preferred and improved cultivars and modern production technologies. [21] Flower colour varies through different shades of purple, pink, yellow, and white and blue. Cowpea, (Vigna unguiculata), annual plant within the pea family (Fabaceae) grown for its edible legumes. [12][13] The classification of the wild relatives within V. unguiculata is more complicated, with over 20 different names having been used and between 3 and 10 subgroups described. [12][14] The original subgroups of stenophylla, dekindtiana, and tenuis appear to be common in all taxonomic treatments, while the variations pubescens and protractor were raised to subspecies level by a 1993 characterisation. Four subspecies of cowpeas are recognised, of which three are cultivated. The cowpea is an annual herbaceous legume from the genus Vigna. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) is an important grain and forage legume grown throughout sub-Saharan Africa primarily by subsistence farmers on poor, drought prone soils.Genetic improvement of the crop is being actively pursued and numerous functional genomics studies are underway aimed at characterizing gene controlling key agronomic characteristics for disease and pest … 1995; Bravo et al., 1994; Bhattacharya et al. Due to its tolerance for sandy soil and low rainfall, it is an important crop in the semiarid regions across Africa and Asia. 1993). [19][21] Their texture and colour are very diverse. It is a member of the leaf beetle family, Chrysomelidae, and not a true weevil.This common pest of stored legumes has a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring on every continent except Antarctica. Cowpea seeds acts as a major source of protein (22-24%), vitamins and minerals (Coetzee 1995). [41], Severe C. maculatus infestations can affect 100% of the stored peas and cause up to 60% loss within a few months. Millions of african farmers grow cowpea, some two hundred million africans consume Estimating world cowpea production is rather difficult, as it is usually grown in a mixture with other crops, but according to a 1997 estimate, cowpeas are cultivated on 12.5 million hectares (31 million acres) and have a worldwide production of 3 million tonnes. [11] All cultivated cowpeas are found within the universally accepted V. unguiculata subspecies unguiculata classification, which is then commonly divided into four cultivar groups: unguiculata, biflora, sesquipedalis, and textilis. [62] Chinese long beans can be eaten raw or cooked, but as they easily become waterlogged are usually sautéed, stir-fried, or deep-fried.[63]. The ideal soils are sandy and it has better tolerance for infertile and acid soil than most other crops. The weevil develops into a sexually mature adult within the seed. Consequently, cowpea production should be enhanced. [12] However, as the plant is primarily self-pollinating, its genetic diversity within varieties is relatively low. Due to its tolerance for sandy soil and low rainfall, it is an important crop in the semiarid regions across Africa and Asia. [35] More modern methods include storage in airtight containers, using gamma irradiation, or heating or freezing the seeds. [21], Compared to most other important crops, little is known about the domestication, dispersal, and cultivation history of the cowpea. [50] CPMV is stable and easy to propagate to a high yield, making it useful in vector development and protein expression systems. 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