John Chamberlain, S, 1959, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC. There were also a few artists with a literary background, among them Robert Motherwell and Barnett Newman, who functioned as critics as well. List RulesVote up the best Abstract Expressionist artists. [4] Another important early manifestation of what came to be abstract expressionism is the work of American Northwest artist Mark Tobey, especially his "white writing" canvases, which, though generally not large in scale, anticipate the "all-over" look of Pollock's drip paintings. He fights, however, to submit to the philistine world. While abstract expressionists such as Jackson Pollock, Franz Kline and Willem de Kooning had long been outspoken in their view of a painting as an arena within which to come to terms with the act of creation, earlier critics sympathetic to their cause, like Clement Greenberg, focused on their works' "objectness." Technically, an important predecessor is surrealism, with its emphasis on spontaneous, automatic, or subconscious creation. Paalen is mentioned twice; other artists mentioned are Gottlieb, Rothko, Pollock, Hofmann, Baziotes, Gorky and others. [37][38] As with Jackson Pollock and other abstract expressionists, Kline was labelled an "action painter because of his seemingly spontaneous and intense style, focusing less, or not at all, on figures or imagery, but on the actual brushstrokes and use of canvas; as demonstrated by his painting Number 2 (1954). Although the term "abstract expressionism" was first applied to American art in 1946 by the art critic Robert Coates, it had been first used in Germany in 1919 in the magazine Der Sturm, regarding German Expressionism. One: Number 31, 1950. De Zegher, Catherine, and Teicher, Hendel (eds.). While the New York avant-garde was still relatively unknown by the late 1940s, most of the artists who have become household names today had their well-established patron critics: Clement Greenberg advocated Jackson Pollock and the color field painters like Clyfford Still, Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman, Adolph Gottlieb and Hans Hofmann; Harold Rosenberg seemed to prefer the action painters such as Willem de Kooning and Franz Kline, as well as the seminal paintings of Arshile Gorky; Thomas B. Hess, the managing editor of ARTnews, championed Willem de Kooning. Untitled (Green Silver) by Jackson Pollock, 1949, via the Guggenheim Museum, New York A breakthrough in technique occurred in Abstract Expressionist art when the painter Jackson Pollock began to create compositions by … Having seen Pollock's 1951 paintings of thinned black oil paint stained into raw canvas, Frankenthaler began to produce stain paintings in varied oil colors on raw canvas in 1952. Abstract expressionism has many stylistic similarities to the Russian artists of the early 20th century such as Wassily Kandinsky. 189–190 In: Frascina, Francis (2000–1): Catherine de Zegher and Hendel Teicher (eds.). He may have finished work on Woman I by the end of June, or possibly as late as November 1952, and probably the other three women pictures were concluded at much the same time. Like Picasso's innovative reinventions of painting and sculpture near the turn of the century via Cubism and constructed sculpture, with influences as disparate as Navajo sand paintings, surrealism, Jungian analysis, and Mexican mural art,[26] Pollock redefined what it was to produce art. His paintings straddled both camps within the abstract expressionist rubric, Action painting and Color Field painting. However, many painters, such as Jules Olitski, Joan Mitchell and Antoni Tàpies continued to work in the abstract expressionist style for many years, extending and expanding its visual and philosophical implications, as many abstract artists continue to do today, in styles described as Lyrical Abstraction, Neo-expressionist and others. Some of those prominent 'uptown' galleries included: the Charles Egan Gallery,[30] the Sidney Janis Gallery,[31] the Betty Parsons Gallery,[32] the Kootz Gallery,[33] the Tibor de Nagy Gallery, the Stable Gallery, the Leo Castelli Gallery as well as others; and several downtown galleries known at the time as the Tenth Street galleries exhibited many emerging younger artists working in the abstract expressionist vein. Abstract Expressionist artists were influenced by Existentialist ideas, which emphasized the importance of the act of creating, not of the finished object. In a sense the innovations of Pollock, de Kooning, Franz Kline, Rothko, Philip Guston, Hans Hofmann, Clyfford Still, Barnett Newman, Ad Reinhardt, Richard Pousette-Dart, Robert Motherwell, Peter Voulkos, and others opened the floodgates to the diversity and scope of all the art that followed them. At a certain moment the canvas began to appear to one American painter after another as an arena in which to act. It was somehow meant to encompass not only the work of painters who filled their canvases with fields of color and abstract forms, but also those who attacked their canvases with a vigorous gestural expressionism. Kline, along with other action painters like Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Robert Motherwell, John Ferren, and Lee Krasner, as well as local poets, dancers, and musicians came to be known as the informal group, the New York School. Brooks began diluting his oil paint in order to have fluid colors with which to pour and drip and stain into the mostly raw canvas that he used. All the greatest artists associated with the abstract expressionism movement are included here, along with clickable names for more details on that particular painter or sculptor. Their images often “played” with the edge of the canvas. These notable abstract expressionism period artists are organized by popularity, so the best artists are at the top of the list. A comparison is often drawn between the American action painting and the French tachisme. The gesture on the canvas was a gesture of liberation from value—political, aesthetic, moral."[16]. She is one of the originators of the Color Field movement that emerged in the late 1950s. Gorky created broad fields of vivid, open, unbroken color that he used in many of his paintings as grounds. As a young artist in pre-First World War Paris, Hofmann worked with Robert Delaunay, and he knew firsthand the innovative work of both Picasso and Matisse. During 1951 he produced a series of semi-figurative black stain paintings, and in 1952 he produced stain paintings using color. Canadian painter Jean-Paul Riopelle (1923–2002), a member of the Montreal-based surrealist-inspired group Les Automatistes, helped introduce a related style of abstract impressionism to the Parisian art world from 1949. Many of the sculptors listed participated in the Ninth Street Show,[9] a famous exhibition curated by Leo Castelli on East Ninth Street in New York City in 1951. The post-war McCarthy era was a time of artistic censorship in the United States, but if the subject matter were totally abstract then it would be seen as apolitical, and therefore safe. 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